In the intricate geopolitical tapestry of South Asia, hybrid warfare has emerged as the dominant conflict paradigm. Unlike traditional military confrontations, hybrid warfare amalgamates conventional military tactics with unconventional means, including cyberattacks, economic coercion, disinformation campaigns, and proxies. For Pakistan, navigating this evolving threat landscape necessitates a comprehensive understanding of regional dynamics, particularly in the face of India’s hybrid warfare strategies rooted in Hindutva-driven narratives. This article delves into Pakistan’s approach to hybrid warfare, the challenges posed by India’s tactics, and the strategies Pakistan must adopt to effectively counter and thrive amidst these complexities.
South Asia is a region marked by historical animosities, religious divides, and competing nationalistic visions. For decades, the India-Pakistan rivalry has been the epicentre of regional tensions. However, the nature of this rivalry has evolved, shifting from conventional military engagements to multi-dimensional hybrid warfare.
India, under the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its Hindutva ideology, has embraced a robust hybrid warfare strategy. This involves weaponizing narratives to delegitimise Pakistan internationally, sponsoring insurgencies in Balochistan by funding the TTP and leveraging cyber capabilities to exploit Pakistan’s vulnerabilities. These tactics are complemented by economic measures, such as its continued lobbying to blacklist Pakistan in global financial forums like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and orchestrating propaganda campaigns to malign Pakistan’s image.
The implications of India’s hybrid warfare extend beyond state-to-state conflict. The BJP’s Hindutva-driven agenda fosters communal polarisation, destabilising the region’s social fabric. Furthermore, the dissemination of anti-Pakistan rhetoric in international forums feeds into global misconceptions about Pakistan’s role in combating terrorism and promoting regional stability.
Pakistan’s strategic posture in hybrid warfare is informed by its unique geographical, ideological, and economic realities. Despite being a victim of hybrid aggression, Pakistan has demonstrated resilience through a multi-pronged approach:
Pakistan’s counterterrorism operations, such as Zarb-e-Azb and Radd-ul-Fasaad, significantly reduced internal security threats. By dismantling terrorist networks and enhancing intelligence-sharing mechanisms, Pakistan curtailed the use of its territory for proxy wars. Ever since the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan the TTP has begun regrouping on Afghan soil and years 2023 and 2024 have seen a surge in terror attacks on Pakistani soil.
The Pakistani government reiterated its stance that the airstrikes were aimed at eradicating foreign-backed terrorist group TTP safe havens in Afghanistan. Pakistani authorities have long accused the Afghan Taliban of sheltering the TTP and enabling cross-border terrorism. On 25th December 20254 Pakistani jets struck several locations within the eastern Afghan border province of Paktika. The strikes targeted TTP hideouts, resulting in the elimination of over two dozen key militants and training infrastructure. The Taliban government of course has denied allegations that Afghan soil is being utilized by individuals permitted to threaten neighbouring countries, including Pakistan.
Narrative Building: Pakistan has made strides in countering anti-Pakistan narratives through diplomatic channels and international forums. Efforts to highlight India’s human rights abuses in Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IOJK) and its subversive activities in Balochistan and funding of the TTP have resonated with global audiences.
Recognising the importance of the digital domain, Pakistan has established dedicated cybersecurity units to counter disinformation and cyberattacks. However, the full potential of these efforts remains untapped, necessitating greater investment in technology and human resources.
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) serves as a cornerstone of Pakistan’s economic strategy. By integrating with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Pakistan aims to bolster its economic stability and counteract India’s efforts to isolate it regionally.
While Pakistan’s efforts are commendable, significant challenges remain. India’s investment in information warfare, combined with its lobbying efforts in international forums, continues to undermine Pakistan’s narrative. Moreover, Pakistan’s economic vulnerabilities, exacerbated by external debt and political instability, create opportunities for adversaries to exploit its weaknesses.
Another pressing issue is the lack of a cohesive national strategy for hybrid warfare. While various institutions, such as the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and the military, play pivotal roles in countering hybrid threats, the absence of a unified framework limits the effectiveness of these efforts. Furthermore, Pakistan’s reliance on reactive measures, rather than proactive strategies, often places it at a disadvantage.
To navigate the complexities of hybrid warfare, Pakistan must adopt a holistic and forward-looking strategy. This entails strengthening its internal resilience, enhancing its defensive and offensive capabilities, and positioning itself as a proactive player in the regional and global arenas.
Developing a National Hybrid Warfare Doctrine
Pakistan must formulate a comprehensive hybrid warfare doctrine that integrates military, economic, cyber, and informational dimensions. This doctrine should outline clear roles and responsibilities for various state institutions, ensuring a coordinated response to hybrid threats.
Given the growing significance of the digital domain, Pakistan must invest heavily in cybersecurity. This includes establishing advanced cyber defence systems, training a skilled workforce, and collaborating with allies to share best practices. Additionally, Pakistan should focus on developing offensive cyber capabilities to deter adversaries and respond effectively to cyberattacks.
Economic stability is a cornerstone of national security. Pakistan must prioritise economic diversification to reduce its dependence on external debt and enhance its resilience against economic coercion. Initiatives such as expanding trade with regional partners, fostering innovation, and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can contribute to sustainable growth.
Winning the narrative war is crucial in hybrid warfare. Pakistan must leverage its rich cultural heritage, geopolitical importance, and contributions to global peacekeeping to reshape its image. This involves engaging with global media, utilizing social media platforms effectively, and building partnerships with think tanks and academic institutions to disseminate Pakistan’s perspective.
In the face of India’s aggression, Pakistan must strengthen its regional alliances. Collaborating with China, Turkey, and other like-minded nations can enhance Pakistan’s strategic depth. Additionally, fostering closer ties with Muslim-majority countries can counterbalance India’s influence in forums such as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
Hybrid warfare targets the state and society alike. By empowering civil society through education, awareness campaigns, and community engagement, Pakistan can build a more resilient population capable of recognising and resisting hybrid threats.
The Road Ahead
The era of hybrid warfare has fundamentally altered the dynamics of conflict, making adaptability and innovation essential for survival. For Pakistan, navigating this complex landscape requires a blend of strategic foresight, institutional collaboration, and public engagement. While the challenges are formidable, Pakistan’s resilience, coupled with its geostrategic significance, positions it as a key player in shaping the future of South Asia.
By embracing a proactive approach and leveraging its strengths, Pakistan can not only counter hybrid threats but also emerge as a beacon of stability in an increasingly volatile region. The path forward demands unity, resolve, and an unwavering commitment to safeguarding national interests amidst the ever-evolving nexus of regional conflicts.
